Yulök Revista de Innovación Académica, ISSN 2215-5147, Vol. 8, N.º 1

Enero-Junio 2024, pp. 62-68

Boy, J. The Impact of Viewing Women as Predominantly Peacebuilders.

The Impact of Viewing Women as

Predominantly Peacebuilders

Jean Joan Boy

Universidad Jaume I, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Castellón de la Plana, España.

jeanjoanboy@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0009-009-1035-9635

Abstract

Since the adoption of UNSCR 1325 in 2000, the role of women in peace building has gained increasing attention in

international policy and research. The resolution recognizes the disproportionate impact of conflict on women and calls

for their increased participation in all aspects of peace building. While this has been an important step towards gender

equality and promoting women’s rights, the impacts of these generally accepted notions of women’s roles in conflict

have rarely been assessed. This research analyzes the extent to which a predominant focus on women as natural peace-

builders has impacted various peace initiatives thus hindering sustainable peace. The main objective is how ‘woman’

has been overstated in peace building in a bid to promote women’s participation in peace processes. This study is a

critique of the mainstream narratives that advocate for women’s peace activism. It has therefore used hermeneutic and

discourse analysis in an attempt to deconstruct women’s natural pacifism.

Keywords: Peace-builders, Perpetrators, Sustainable Peace.

Resumen

Desde la adopción de la Resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU en 2000, el papel de la mujer en la con-

solidación de la paz ha sido objeto de creciente atención en la política y la investigación internacionales. La resolución

reconoce el impacto desproporcionado de los conflictos en las mujeres y pide una mayor participación de éstas en todos

los aspectos de la consolidación de la paz. Si bien esto ha supuesto un paso importante hacia la igualdad de género y la

promoción de los derechos de la mujer, únicamente en contadas ocasiones se han evaluado las repercusiones de estas

ideas ampliamente aceptadas sobre su papel en los conflictos. Esta investigación analiza cómo el hecho de centrarse

exclusivamente en las mujeres en su condición de constructoras de la paz ha repercutido en diversas iniciativas que

buscaban este logro, obstaculizando así que la misma fuese sostenible. El objetivo principal es conocer cómo se ha

“exagerado” el papel de la “mujer” en la construcción de la paz en un intento de promover su participación en dichos

procesos. Esta investigación evalúa críticamente las narrativas hegemónicas que han configurado en gran medida el

activismo de paz de las mujeres; para ello, se ha empleado el análisis discursivo y hermenéutico

Palabras clave: Constructores de la paz, Perpetradores, Paz sostenible.

El impacto de ver a las mujeres como

predominantemente constructoras de paz

Referencia/ reference:

Boy, J. (2024). The Impact of Viewing Women as Predominantly Peacebuilders. Yulök Revista de Innovación Académica, Vol.8

(1), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.47633/qechcr49

Recibido: 12 de agosto 2023 Aceptado: 11 de enero 2024

Yulök Revista de Innovación Académica, ISSN 2215-5147, Vol. 8, N.º 1

Enero-Junio 2024, pp. 62-68

Boy, J. The Impact of Viewing Women as Predominantly Peacebuilders.

Introduction

Although there is a lot of factual data on women’s di-

versity of experiences in violent conflict, there is an obs-

tinate persistence of the “women and peace hypothesis”

(Maoz, 2012), which is the idea that women, and mothers

in particular, are naturally inclined towards peace. Mo-

reover, these ideas have been institutionalized, and in so

doing, the women and peace hypothesis (WPH) has be-

come a strong conceptual framework for women in poli-

tically mobilizing for change (Abduljaber,2021). To be

more specific, although the WPS agenda and resolution

1325 has allowed an opening to the analysis of women as

combatants, there is difficulty in talking about violence

by women in the WPS architecture where there is a strong

orientation towards women as pacifists. Consequently,

ontological constructions of women as being inherently

peaceful have been reaffirmed and have obscured per-

ceptions of women’s use of violence thus impacting posi-

tive peace (Banwell, 2020)

This research analyzes how widely accepted cliches of

women being inherently peaceful have had an impact on

positive peace. It is a reconceptualization of the role of

women as peacebuilders. I believe that women cannot

effectively promote peace unless they are recognized as

active agents with the capacity to exercise their agency in

both constructive and destructive capacities. It is particu-

larly important in the Kenyan context where high rates of

male battering are registered yet factors making women

susceptible to perpetrating violence have not been ade-

quately explored. The main objective of this research is

to highlight the need to focus on the plurality of women’s

experiences in violent conflict to achieve imperfect peace.

Theoretical framework

Postmodern feminism sets the foundation for this re-

search. It advocates for the diverse of experiences of

women in violent conflict. To this end some of the au-

thors include: -Kaufman.J and Williams. K (2013) who

assert that although women have diverse experiences in

violent conflict, The role of women in political violen-

ce is rarely discussed due to the underlying assumptions

that women are inherently nonviolent. They contend that

women should not discount the use of violence as a tool

for political action, as it serves as a manner of expressing

agency, particularly for those women who are subjected

to political violence.

Similarly, Cynthia Cockburn (2009) dismisses notions of

women´s pacifism arguing that their understanding of the

actual situation is lacking. She observes an overstatement

of the role that women have played in promoting peace to

further their peacebuilding efforts, thus limiting attention

to their roles as offenders.

Cooke and Woollacott (2014) further emphasize the need

for women to voice out their experiences in conflict.

They argue that war is a domain in which gender roles are

eroded, therefore, by clinging to their traditional roles of

caregivers, and nurturers, that confine them to the home

setting, women affirm that they are indeed in need of pro-

tection and lose out on an opportunity to obtain equality

with men.

Methodology

This research employs a critical discourse analysis

of the secondary data collected on women and war.

This approach unravels how societal power relations as

it pertains to gender are established and reinforced, thus

continuing structural inequalities. It allows me to cha-

llenge hegemonic narratives on women as peacebuilders

which have strong foundations in frameworks that enhan-

ce the participation of women in peace building. It fur-

ther employs a hermeneutic approach thus allowing me

to scrutinize elements like the efficacy of women’s peace

activism on their empowerment which are hardly questio-

ned within mainstream ideas. These approaches provide a

comprehensive view of women’s involvement in conflict

and, hence, will be useful in developing strategies for pre-

and post-conflict peace initiatives.

Impact on women’s emancipation

Gender roles and norms are widely accepted as the pri-

mary cause of inequality against women (SDG´s 2017:

objective 5). However, in most countries, these concepts

are still highly valued, therefore they continue to be pro-

minent. In light of the aforementioned, the global com-

munity has pledged to support women’s empowerment to

achieve gender parity in all spheres of life. Although this

seems like a good initiative, the irony lies in the fact that

efforts to empower women, especially as peace builders

to increase their involvement in peacebuilding processes,

are predicated on the gender roles of mothers, nurturers,

and caregivers, roles that have long served to exclude wo-

men from decision-making positions (Franceschet,2004).

Perhaps this explains why enormous efforts to get women

into peace negotiation deals have not yielded the expec-

ted results as participation of women in official peace ne-

gotiation deals is still minimal (Schneiker,2021). Despite

the possibility that the process of inclusion is gradual, an

examination of the parties in peace negotiations reveals

that their exclusion is primarily due to the narratives that

surround their peacebuilding activism. In much more pre-

cise terms, Parties engaged in conflict frequently control

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Boy, J. The Impact of Viewing Women as Predominantly Peacebuilders.

peace negotiations. primarily ¨men¨, who risk their lives

in battle to protect their territories and fight structural

injustices that exist in their communities. Since women

have monopolized peace building, they have bolstered

the notion that they are, in fact, the protectors (anti-mi-

litarists), and have remained marginalized in militaristic

agendas like peace talks.

Additionally, for most warring factions, as James A.

Schear noted In a Stanford University news release Why

peace agreements often fail to end civil wars,

¨ Sometimes war is safer than peace unless you are on the

losing end. It generates profit and even provides employ-

ment. Peace on the other hand is a leap into the unknown;

it is full of promises that can come undone¨

Based on James Shear´s theory, skilled negotiators are

skilled warmakers who can persuade opposing sides that

a peaceful resolution would be in their best interests. Sin-

ce women are considered to be largely engaged in peace

building, they are assumed to lack the required skillset in

this field and are excluded.

On the other hand, while ideas of leadership have been

mostly associated with being feared,¨a warrior¨. As sug-

gested by (Amy J.C 2013a)in the Harvard Business Re-

view, there has been a major shift of ideas and increased

acknowledgment of the fact that leadership requires ex-

ceptional social skills rather than physical strength (Yu-

val, 2012). This implies that women possess an advantage

over males as they are known for their impeccable ability

to mobilize and create networks. However, the institutio-

nalization of peace has encouraged constant socialization

of women to be peaceful and adhere to nonviolence ergo

exclusion in politics. Precisely, a good leader should be

merciful, peaceful, generous, and tolerant but should also

possess a ―criminal virtue necessary for the security of

that state (Machiavelli, 1513). According to Machiavelli

the criminal virtue must be carried out when it is absolu-

tely necessary for the state and should not be frequent lest

callous cruelty grows. In this respect, women capitalizing

on their diversity, possess all the requirements for leader-

ship. Nevertheless, a monolithic approach to their roles as

predominantly peacemakers limit their prospects.

Similarly, the socialization of women into being peaceful

has led to women distancing themselves from the mili-

tary. Degroot et al. (2000) contend that while feminists

have persistently pressed governments and military ins-

titutions to allow women to serve in combat, very few

women aspire to work in this area. Although it is possible

to refute this claim by arguing that an increasing num-

ber of women are enlisting in the army, Creveld (2000)

notes that an increasing number of women are doing so,

because the enemy has vanished. Women therefore en-

list with the hope of never engaging in combat. Baaz and

Stern (2011) supporting Creveld’s (2000) findings note

that many modern armies have switched from fighting to

peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, they conclude

that the foregoing has brought attention to the necessity

of women in peacekeeping as women are perceived to

be morally responsible individuals who can imbue their

feminine traits to men within their proximity (Baaz and

Stern, 2011:572).

(Cossa, S & Palik. J,2023) also observe that a singular

emphasis on women as peacebuilders has permeated the

field of policy where women have been left out of the

benefits of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegra-

tion (DDR) programs. (Cossa, S & Palik. J,2023). DDR

is an extremely challenging process, especially as ever-

yone becomes a target after violence and should be trea-

ted as such throughout subsequent peace building efforts.

The process has become simpler and less expensive,

though, as women are now recognized as peacemakers.

In other words, men have been singled out for DDR’s at-

tention and have reaped its rewards by sticking to their

positions as peacemakers. As a result, a significant

proportion of female veterans continue to be extremely

vulnerable to using violence. While it is true that there

aren’t many female ex-combatants in comparison to men,

it is important to remember that young girls and women

who were kidnapped and forced to become the wives of

ex-combatants are also vulnerable to violence. Moreo-

ver, de Watteville (2002:1) observes that despite rare in

number, female ex-combatants are often more susceptible

than male ex-combatants.

The Impact on War

High degree of complexity of intrastate conflicts at the

end of the Cold War blurred the battlefield lines as wars

moved into towns and villages (Kaldor,M 2013:1). Con-

sequently, there were innumerable amounts of civilian ca-

sualties predominantly women and children (Cooke and

Woollacott,2014, p.1). These ideas gave rise to the Myth

of Protection. (Tickner A, 2004) argues that the myth of

protection rests on the concept that wars are fought to pri-

marily protect women, children, and the extremely vul-

nerable. This myth has blinded us to the participation of

men as victims of violent conflict. In much more precise

terms, since men do not fall in the ¨vulnerable¨ category,

men in general—even those without weapons—have

always been viewed as fighters. (Elshtain, 1998:455).

The failure to recognize men as victims of violent conflict

potentially endangers the lives of many as it has made

them acceptable targets for warfare (Jones, 2009). Accor-

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Boy, J. The Impact of Viewing Women as Predominantly Peacebuilders.

ding to Jones, there are disparities in casualties because

of the ways that men and women are perceived different-

ly. He goes on to say that non-combatant men of war age,

or around fifteen to fifty-five years old, are the most vul-

nerable and persistently targeted both historically and in

the modern world (Jones, 2009:153).

The Wagalla massacre in Kenya serves as a prime exam-

ple, wherein over 5,000 Somali men belonging to the De-

godia clan were mercilessly killed by Kenyan soldiers at

the Wagalla Airstrip in Wajir county. This act of violence

was carried out as a form of “collective punishment,”-

a deliberate act of state aggression against its populace

intended to uphold “peace.”(Anderson. D,2014). Women

were brutally tortured and raped, while men were roun-

ded up, burnt to death, and shot on sight. In an interview

with BBC News, Sahara Kanaan a victim of the massa-

cre testifies on how her father, brother, and uncle were

brutally killed right before her eyes (¨Wagalla massacre¨,

2011).

Similarly, in society today, Countless defenseless boys

and men are fatally shot without any indication that they

pose a threat. The Kenyan extrajudicial killings present a

good case study where between 2013 and 2015 over 800

young youths were ruthlessly murdered by police (Rajab,

2017, May 30). The situation persists as Juliet Wanjira,

a campaigner with the Mathare Social Justice Center

(MSJC) confirms that being a young man in a slum area

in Nairobi is indeed a crime while attesting to the esca-

lated rate of killings of young men in Mathare- a slum in

Nairobi (BBC,8 July 2016).

Conversely, women are now increasingly engaging in

violence- terrorism in particular and are prime targets

of radicalization due to ease in carrying out attacks

(Bloom,2022). As was observed in the 2013 West Gate

terror attack In Kenya where the involvement of Sama-

tha Lewthwaite also known as the ¨White Widow ¨ was

widely publicized due to her crucial yet undetected in-

volvement. Similarly, the radicalization of young Kenyan

Somali women In Kenya by the Alshabab has been on the

rise since the inception of the group demonstrating the

need for women in radical groups.

Impacts on The Justice System

Gender stereotypes continue to be very prevalent even

though women have made significant progress toward

achieving gender equity. While in most situations they

have impacted women negatively, sometimes, the-

se preconceptions have benefited women, particularly

in the realm of criminal justice (Doerner and Demuth

2014,p.250). To start with, only two women in compari-

son to 280 men have been convicted in the International

Criminal Courts and tribunals. Biljana Plavsic, the Ser-

bian politician who pleaded guilty in the International

Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY), And

Pauline Nyiramasuhuko whom the International Crimi-

nal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) found guilty and gave a

life sentence.

Though it could be argued that because women make up

the majority of victims, they are less likely to engage in

violence hence the low conviction rates, empirical re-

search consistently demonstrates that victims are more li-

kely to become perpetrators (Boateng, F. D., & Campbell,

C. 2022). Dominic Ongwen, a prominent commander in

the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), serves as an exam-

ple. Although it is evident that he was a victim of Joseph

Kony’s violence before turning into a perpetrator, there

were calls for him to be held fully accountable for his

acts in front of an international criminal court. This raises

questions of whether judges are more forgiving of women

(Chase, M. 2008). Especially since most women who are

compelled to marry fighters frequently adopt the victim

role and even go so far as to actively commit acts of vio-

lence with their husbands, yet none of them have been

found guilty of such crimes alongside their husbands.

Perhaps the latter is due to the belief that women´s par-

ticipation in violence is minor, however, it should be no-

ted that women´s prowess in mobilizing networks makes

them a powerful tool in violence. As observed during the

MAUMAU uprising in Kenya where women were the

ones who kept the uprising afloat, recruiting new mem-

bers and hiding the warriors. In this sense, one could say

that when it comes to violence, women are just as deadly

as men.

Another question that arises from the low number of per-

secutions of women internationally is whether only wo-

men in politics are capable of massively escalating vio-

lence. The notion is completely misconstrued, especially

considering that some women can become powerful just

by their husbands’ positions as heads of state. While some

women do not meddle with their husbands’ work, some

do and are recognized for having an impact on their hus-

bands’ choices. One well-known example is the late Mira

Markovic, the widow of the former president of Serbia

and Yugoslavia, who is credited as being her husband’s

inspiration. She inspired him to strive for power at all

costs. In fact, she was termed the most influential woman

in state affairs (Djukic,2001) yet she wasn’t prosecuted

alongside her husband.

Similarly, there is frequent underrepresentation of wo-

men who commit violence. For instance, in the Rwan-

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Boy, J. The Impact of Viewing Women as Predominantly Peacebuilders.

dan Genocide, numerous other women played key roles

worthy of persecution by an international court, however,

Pauline Nyiramasuhuko was the only one convicted. One

such example is Agathe Kanziga, the widow of President

Juvénal Habyarimana, who funded an extremist tabloid

and radio station that was notorious for encouraging acts

of murder (The New Yorker, 2010). Furthermore, African

Rights (1995) affirmed in their research that women took

part in indoctrination seminars and, consequently, helped

prepare for genocide. According to the report, women

were among the most brutal local government officials

responsible for organizing the executions, particularly in

Kigali (African Rights, 1995: 15). This leads me to draw

the inference that international courts and tribunals are

reluctant to convict women.

Ideas of women´s pacifism has also affected how women

who are accused of crime are perceived and treated by so-

ciety and the justice system at large as women who enga-

ge in violence are often seen as aberrations, deviant from

their role as nurturers and caregivers consequently they

receive harsher sentences (Quadrelli, 2003). Conversely,

those who appeal to the stereotypes of a woman needing

protection and adhere to the stereotypical roles of a wife

or mother tend to be treated leniently (Goulette and others

2015: 415). This has caused a resurgence of violence,

thus posing a threat to sustainable peace. To put it more

accurately, many women receive preferential treatment

by appealing to the traditional roles of the housewife and

mother and receive lighter sentences. As a result, they es-

cape the consequences of their conduct from the law, and

justice may not accomplish its intended goal. As a result,

the victim becomes more vulnerable to violence, perpe-

tuating the cycle of violence.

Conclusion

The illustration above acknowledges the danger of a sin-

gular emphasis on women as peacebuilders. Thus, it sug-

gests that women need to go beyond the notions of their

inherent peacefulness. Whilst true that these concepts

have been beneficial for their emancipation in a politica-

lly retrograde environment; Social and political upheavals

have given women the chance to confront these damaging

prejudices, thereby allowing them to embrace and bring

in their different experiences in pre-and post-conflict si-

tuations. This will not only enhance their peace building

efforts as it will be from a holistic approach, but it will

also be pertinent in achieving sustainable peace.

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