Uso agrícola de extractos vegetales nanoencapsulados en el control de fitopatógenos y poscosecha
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47633/x2m2x827Palabras clave:
agricultura sostenible, biofungicidas, metabolitos vegetales, nanocápsulasResumen
La nanoencapsulación de extractos vegetales emerge como una alternativa innovadora para fortalecer el manejo sostenible de fitopatógenos y mejorar la calidad poscosecha. El objetivo de esta revisión es sintetizar los avances recientes en el uso de nanoformulaciones basadas en compuestos bioactivos de origen vegetal, así como analizar sus mecanismos de acción, beneficios, limitaciones y perspectivas de aplicación en sistemas agrícolas. Para ello, se recopila y examina literatura científica actual y pertinente, priorizando estudios que reportan resultados experimentales, desarrollos tecnológicos y aplicaciones en campo o poscosecha. Los hallazgos muestran que la nanoencapsulación incrementa la estabilidad, biodisponibilidad y eficacia de metabolitos vegetales como fenoles, terpenos y aceites esenciales, al protegerlos frente a degradación ambiental, mejorar su solubilidad y permitir una liberación controlada. Las nanoformulaciones reportan actividades antifúngicas y antibacterianas superiores a sus extractos libres, además de mejores propiedades de adhesión y retención en superficies vegetales. Asimismo, se evidencian ventajas en la conservación poscosecha mediante la reducción de daños fisiológicos y retraso en el desarrollo de patógenos. No obstante, persisten desafíos relacionados con la variabilidad de las formulaciones, los costos de producción, la limitada disponibilidad de estudios de largo plazo sobre ecotoxicidad y destino ambiental y la falta de marcos regulatorios específicos en diversos países. En conclusión, la nanoencapsulación representa una herramienta prometedora para la bioagricultura, capaz de potenciar el valor de los extractos vegetales y contribuir a prácticas más sostenibles, aunque su implementación requiere investigación adicional, estandarización tecnológica y regulación adecuada.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Raymundo Alejandro Pérez Hernández, Hilda Amelia Piñón Castillo, David Gilberto García Hernández, David Mizael Ortiz Martínez, Aldo Rodrigo González Luna, Abelardo Chávez Montes, Karina Lizeth Estrada Platas, Juanita Guadalupe Gutiérrez Soto
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Todos los artículos de la Revista Agro se publican bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
