Valorización integral de los residuos del cultivo de piña para productos de alto valor agregado: una revisión desde una perspectiva global
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47633/zhp44522Palabras clave:
agroindustria sostenible, economía circular, innovación agroindustrial, residuos de piña, valorización de residuosResumen
El cultivo de la piña genera residuos agroindustriales significativos, como cáscaras, coronas, corazones y rastrojos, que a menudo se descartan a pesar de su potencial como materias primas valiosas. Esta revisión pretende realizar una evaluación integral de la valorización sostenible de estos residuos mediante tecnologías emergentes con fundamento biológico. El objetivo es examinar críticamente la evidencia científica sobre su transformación en productos de alto valor agregado en los sectores de energía renovable, agricultura, bioplásticos y nutracéuticos. Metodológicamente, esta revisión analiza literatura científica revisada por pares y publicada recientemente, seleccionada de bases de datos académicas, con énfasis en estudios realizados en regiones tropicales de Asia, América Latina y África. Los criterios de selección incluyeron viabilidad tecnológica, relevancia ambiental y coherencia con los principios de la bioeconomía circular. Los resultados muestran que los residuos de piña, ricos en fibras lignocelulósicas, azúcares y compuestos bioactivos, pueden convertirse en bioetanol, biogás, hidrógeno, bioplásticos, colorantes naturales y suplementos dietéticos. En agricultura, el biocarbón y los fertilizantes orgánicos a base de compost mejoran la salud del suelo, aumentan la productividad agrícola y reducen el uso de insumos químicos. Los subproductos de la piña también son valiosos para la producción de envases biodegradables, textiles y tintes naturales, ofreciendo alternativas sostenibles a materiales derivados del petróleo. Compuestos bioactivos como la bromelina y los antioxidantes extraídos de los residuos de piña tienen aplicaciones en alimentos funcionales, productos farmacéuticos y cosméticos. Las fibras naturales de coronas y cáscaras se utilizan en bioplásticos y materiales compuestos, promoviendo los principios de la economía circular y reduciendo los impactos ambientales. A pesar de su potencial, persisten desafíos como la escalabilidad tecnológica y la integración en el mercado. Al transformar los residuos agrícolas en productos de alto valor, la industria piñera puede contribuir al crecimiento económico, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo de industrias sostenibles alineadas con los objetivos de la economía circular.
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